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- EDUCATION, Page 72Troubled Times for Tenure
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- Courts, states and universities question an entrenched
- institution
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- Should a university have the right to get rid of a "grossly
- incompetent" teacher? Should a professor whose classroom
- performance does students a "disservice" be sent packing?
- Outside the ivory tower, few people would say no. But when the
- University of California, Berkeley, last year became the first
- school to draft rules for firing tenured teachers, some charged
- that this amounted to an assault on their intellectual freedom.
- "You'll never go broke overestimating how sensitive the tenure
- issue is to faculty," says Richard Chait, director of the
- National Center for Post-Secondary Governance and Finance at
- the University of Maryland. "It's like abortion or flag burning
- in another walk of life."
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- Berkeley's action is only one sign that the once sacrosanct
- institution is vulnerable these days. Last month, in a 9-to-0
- decision, the U.S. Supreme Court declared that a university
- could not refuse to open its tenure files to federal
- investigators when challenged on the grounds of race or sex
- discrimination. Meanwhile, some universities and politicians are
- questioning the whole notion of tenure, which at some schools
- can mean permanent employment after as little as three years on
- the job. A 1987 survey by the Department of Education found that
- during the preceding three years, 93% of U.S. colleges and
- universities had taken some action that "may have had the
- effect of reducing the proportion of faculty members on tenure."
- Arkansas legislators last year required all state campuses to
- review tenured teachers annually, partly to decide whether to
- retain them. Says Mike Gauldin, spokesman for Governor Bill
- Clinton: "This is how we're going to make sure our money is well
- spent."
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- What was once considered a lifetime job is no longer such
- a sure thing. Dismissals of faculty "for cause" -- ranging from
- sexual harassment and misappropriation to sheer ineptitude --
- have risen from virtually zero in the '60s and '70s to about a
- dozen a year. For the first time in its 123-year history, for
- example, the University of Kansas is trying to fire a tenured
- teacher, anthropology Professor Dorothy Willner, 62, who is
- accused of failing to carry out her "academic responsibilities"
- and of behaving abusively toward her colleagues and superiors.
- Says Willner, who denied all the charges in 120 hours of
- hearings last fall: "Even if the allegations were true, I do
- not believe they would be grounds for dismissal of a tenured
- professor who is an active and recognized scholar."
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- Part of the reason for the current tenure debate is the 1986
- federal law that eliminates mandatory retirement at age 70. The
- prospect of elderly -- and high-salaried -- professors hanging
- on until they drop at the lectern has some cost-conscious
- administrators worried. "With the uncapping of retirement,
- tenure becomes a guarantee of lifetime work," says James Vinson,
- president of the University of Evansville in Indiana. Many
- schools have begun to nudge older professors out the door with
- a variety of enticements. Johns Hopkins University decided three
- years ago to increase the basic pension payments of departing
- 65-year-olds by 20% to 30% -- a bonus that shrinks the longer
- they stay. Beloit College in Wisconsin has a program that eases
- professors into retirement while younger colleagues, with whom
- they are paired as mentors, are phased into full-time teaching
- positions.
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- Though tenure is most often defended in the name of
- "academic freedom," says Chait, its advocates are really trying
- to protect "economic security." What may preserve the system in
- the short term, however, is simple demographics. According to
- a study released last fall by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation,
- there will be only eight candidates for every ten teaching
- positions in the arts and sciences during the decade starting
- in 1997. That could create a seller's market in which a
- dwindling pool of qualified professors may be able to hold out
- for higher salaries -- and firmer tenure guarantees.
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